The Church Of Salem Village Essay - 1457 Words

One of the most important factors to consider is that during the 1690’s the church of Salem Village was conflicted about being too conservative, which caused a divide in the congregation. This division lead to social and political issues between the two groups. This rift resulted in presumably innocent people being accused of witchcraft. In 1689, Samuel Parris was invited by the Salem Village church committee to take over church services after the dismissal of George Burroughs. This was not the first time that a minister had been fired from the Salem Village church. Anthony Brandt deliberates a theological shift which occurred in the Salem Village in his piece â€Å"An Unholy Mess†. He writes the congregation had been in dispute over on whether they should become more like the progressive Half-Way Covenant, such as the church in Salem Town. This new theological approach would offer more community members a chance to become church members and would do away with the stric t Calvinistic view of the â€Å"visible saints†. The concept of â€Å"visible saints† decreed that only certain members of the church were guaranteed entrance into heaven, could participate in Communion, and they sat special seating at service. Samuel Parris was a firm Calvinist Puritan and had no desire to see the church make such a reformist change. Parris in fact used this division to create a social divide among the four hundred villagers who had not been allowed membership into to the church or to be baptized. HeShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1621 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 2015 The Salem Witch Trials has been argued as one of the most important and controversial topics in American history. The Salem Witch Trials concluded the war between faithful people and evil people, and brought the long awaited justice to Salem village. Different historians presented varying opinions about the consequences and effects of the Salem Witch Trials. Reverend Samuel Parris played a pivotal role in preaching Christianity as well as eradicating evil from Salem village at that timeRead MoreSociological And Societal Issues That Influenced The Sweeping Accusations Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1620 Words   |  7 Pagesaccusations of the Salem Witch Trials. The â€Å"witch hunt† frenzy began in Salem Village in early 1692 all due to two young girls influence. Three main societal issues prevalent at this time could have led to the hysteria and rapid movement of the witch hunt idea. The chaotic beginnings in leadership of the church at Salem Village, the strict Puritan life style and beliefs of villagers, and the entertainment value of witchcraft culture among the youth are all factors in the Village of Salem’s fear againstRead MoreSalem Witch Trials And Trials1320 Words   |  6 PagesSalem Witch Trials was a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in the Salem Village of the 17th century New England. The trials caused executions of many people but mostly women. Salem Witch Trials exposed the different roles men and women were supposed to play during the seventeenth century. Women were supposed to take on â€Å"wifely duties† such as, be mothers and housewives. Women were thought to follow the men. The trials also revealed that there were strict religiousRead MorePuritans And The Salem Witch Trials978 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Puritans had many beliefs that affected the Salem Witch Trials, these were based on how the attendance or lack of attendance of the church, how people should behave, social class, and the way the government should be handled. Puritans were English Protestants that came to America in 1630. They sought to reform the Church of England. When they first came to America they settled at Salem, Massachusetts. The main reason the Puritan’s came to Salem was for freedom of religion which they did not haveRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials891 Words   |  4 Pageshunting methods, spectral evidence, and even some medical theories all stand as causes of the Salem Witch Trials. Political, local, and religious context is necessary in order to understand the mass hysteria that occurred in the 1690s during the Salem Witch Trials. In the early 17th century, English Puritans settled in North America, mainly in New England. Puritans were Christians who â€Å"wanted the Church of England purified of any liturgy, ceremony, or practices which were not found in Scripture†Read MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough many people have their assumptions as to what specifically caused the Salem Witch Trials, no one has a definite account. One must use logic and prior knowledge to come to the conclusion and realize that multiple factors play a key role in causing the trials. The Salem Witch Trials were caused by religion, politics, teenage boredom, family feuds, economic conditions, and fears of the people. The overall effect of the trials was a major part in American history, not only was it a learningRead MoreThe Witch Hunt : The Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials952 Words   |  4 PagesSalem Village is located on the northeast coast of Massachusetts. The settlements first title was Naumkeag but was changed to Salem, meaning peace, because it was preferred. Salem was founded in 1626, and is best remembered for the witch hysteria beginning in 1692. A few girls started acting deranged and crazed. A doctor diagnosed them as bewitched, leading to trials and hunts for accused witches. These witch trials and hunts caused nineteen people to be hung and caused one person to be pressedRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Of 16921270 Words   |  6 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials The year 1692 is remembered as one of the most scandalous times in American History. Throughout the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, over a hundred people were accused of practicing witchcraft (the majority of them being women). 14 women were hung, and 5 men were accused leading to a total of 19 people dying due to these trials. One man was even pressed to death by substantial weights for declining to enter a plea (Linder 1). No less than eight individuals passed on in jail, includingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1441 Words   |  6 PagesCrucible Paper The Crucible was based off the events in a small town/ village called Salem in 1692. There were no more than 600 residents all together so everyone knew each other. The Crucible focused on the Salem witch trials that took place, and started from young girls claiming to be possessed by the devil. The people who lived in Salem were so obsessive about the possible threats in their town that they came up with unreasonable reasons on who was a witch, which made many innocent people dieRead MoreThe Controversy Of The Salem Witch Trials Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesof 1692, an outbreak of hysteria began in Salem, Massachusetts. Beginning with eight young girls accused of being possessed with the devil, marked the beginning of the Salem Witch Trials. The vast majority of those who were accused of witch craft were people who attempted to turn against Puritan teachings, cultural and economic way of life. The hysteria was the effect of the strict teachings of the puritan lifestyle many wer e no longer following. The Salem witch trials were ultimately a matter to

Comparing The Great Gatsby And Chicago - 3216 Words

Arguably some of the main characters of the works, Daisy Buchanan and Roxie Hart have some outlying similarities when comparing The Great Gatsby and Chicago. For example, both characters are incredibly conceited and are incapable of thinking of others or helping to better someone else, other than themselves. Both characters, in my opinion, are seen as disgraceful due to their consistent dishonesty. However, the two women do have an outlying difference in their motives of selfishness. While Daisy Buchanan desires acceptance, love, and to be taken care of, Roxie Hart solely desires fame, wealth, and notoriety. Pertaining to Daisy, her selfishness is evident throughout the novel with regards to her actions. By marrying Tom, yet having an affair with Gatsby, exemplifies her selfishness by solely wanting to please herself by marrying a stable man that can take care of her, while enjoying a past love that brings back exciting memories and emotions. Fitzgerald shows this selfishness through the commentary of Nick Carraway in response to one of Daisy’s actions with, â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed things up and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness.† This narration shows the selfishness of Daisy through her equally horrid carelessness. Additionally, by the recollection or flashback provided by Nick in the novel, â€Å"I could only remember, without resentment, that Daisy hadn’t sent a message or a flower†, FitzgeraldShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby Character Analysis1071 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful, living in a nice house with a family. Once a person experiences this American dream, he or she becomes greedy and unscrupulous. This is evident in The Great Gatsby through the insights and backstories sprinkled intermittently through the novel. As the story begins it is clear that Tom Buchanan wants women other than his wife, Jay Gatsby wants to rekindle his relationship wi th Daisy Buchanan, and Daisy Buchanan just wants to be loved. None of these characters get what they want and that is dueRead More F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby Essay1411 Words   |  6 PagesScott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The greatness of an individual can be defined in terms far beyond tangible accomplishments. In F. Scott Fitzgeralds classic American novel, The Great Gatsby, Jay Gatsbys greatness comes from his need to experience success and his will to achieve his dreams. Nick Carraway narrates the story, and his cousin, Daisy Buchanan, is Gatsbys love. Daisy, however, is married to Tom Buchanan, a wealthy, arrogant womanizer who despises Gatsby. Gatsby feels the need toRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1544 Words   |  7 Pagesconduct. The Great Gatsby is a book about love, corruption and the American dream. We find this through the eyes of the narrator of the story Nick Carraway, who is the cousin of Daisy and a character within the novel. Daisy is married to Tom, and even though Daisy knows that Tom has affairs behind her back she still stays marries to the man. However Jay Gatsby, whom the book is revolved around, was once a part of Daisy’s life before he had to head off to the war. Never the less Gatsby returned andRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1372 Words   |  6 Pagesend it was all for nothing. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, focuses on the life of Gatsby and how he spent his entire life reaching for his dream and never met it. Nick, who is Gatsby s neighbor, thinks that Gatsby is above the rest of society because he comes from new money and devoted his life to Daisy. However Gatsby is not superior; he ended up not getting the one thing that he wanted most and wasted his life away for Daisy. Through Gatsby Fitzgerald is showing even thoughRead MoreEssay about The Effects of Class Structure in the 1920s1544 Words   |  7 PagesClass Structures in the 1920’s The emerging inequitable class systems and antagonisms of the nineteen twenties saw the traditional order and moral values challenged, as well as the creation of great wealth for few and poverty for many. The Great Gatsby, written by Francis Scott Fitzgerald, explores the causes and effects of the unbalanced class structures. Fitzgerald outlines the idea that the desire to accumulate wealth and status is a common ambition amongst the lower classes; when that desireRead MoreSimilarities Between Chicago And The Great Gatsby1974 Words   |  8 Pageswould be the only way to actually make a living now that changes everything. The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Film Chicago by Rob Marshall both take place in the 1920 s and have a very similar attitude towards lying. The Characters that tend to lie aren’t poor people no one knows about; they are popular,famous,and rich. In the novel The Great Gatsby and in the film Chicago, main characters, such as Gatsby and Roxie Lie because they are hiding something or they do it to achieve someRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1272 Words   |  6 PagesOften when readers describe daisy an image is created of a selfish and shallow woman. This image is confronted multiple times in The Great Gatsby. When the reader considers daisy s actions throughout the book with the consideration of the time and the men around her choices become clearer and possible to empathize with. The first in-person encounter with Daisy in the book is an ethereal and exquisite glance into her lavish lifestyle. As Nick ventures into the Buchanan home for a fine dinner partyRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald Essay1993 Words   |  8 Pageswealth control everything in his famous novel The Great Gatsby. He shows how a greedy mind can never be satisfied, but the greedy will do whatever they can to attempt to reach satisfaction. Fitzgerald demonstrates this through the character of Jay Gatsby. Gatsby is a member of the class of new money who started life as a poor American from North Dakota who gained his wealth through organized crime. Fitzgerald uses Gatsby’s transition from Gatz to Gatsby to show his drift from typical American valuesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3975 Words   |  16 PagesThe Great Gatsby– RRS Title: The Great Gatsby Publication Date: 1925 Author: F.Scott Fitzgerald Nationality: American Author’s Birth/Death Date: September 24, 1896 – December 21, 1940 Distinguishing Traits of Author: American novelist and short-story writer F. Scott Fitzgerald was one of the most famous authors of the Jazz Age and is best known for his novel, The Great Gatsby. Although now considered a classic, The Great Gatsby was initially not a popular success. This contributed to hisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2658 Words   |  11 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby is ultimately a love story, which portrays the 1920’s also known as the roaring twenties, as an era focused on money, greed, corruption, obsession, and the pursuit of pleasure in the American people. Gatsby proceeds to criticize the atmosphere in American at the time in regards to the current way of life through the American dream of prosperity and material excess. We meet Nick Carraway the third party narrator, who’s diagnosed as a morbidly alcoholic

System Flowchart Of The Sales Procedures †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The System Flowchart Of The Sales Procedures? Answer: Introduction In the current universe of data innovation new programming has been produced for speedier and more exact investigation of information. Accounting programming is made in light of one of that innovation and it handles all the data identified with an association's accounting. It gets more straightforwardness the entire framework and the benefit of utilizing such programming is that it can influence the accounting to process more proficient. Telstra is an Australian organization which is famous for mainly producing communication networks and mobiles. It also provides internet connections and broadcast television network in Australia. This association likewise utilizes a few accounting programming for getting an incorporated and quick accounting administration. In this report the authoritative structure of Telstra is examined with different highlights and usefulness of the association. The utilization of the accounting programming alongside a few cases of those is additionally incorporated into this report. The setting of utilizing the accounting programming in the usefulness of the association is talked about here in subtle elements. Current Organizational Structure Telstra is one of the biggest Australian Organisations and it mainly provides the network facilities to the Australian. It provides internet connection, television broadcasting to the people of Australia. The organisational structure is designed in a well demonstrated way. The organisational structure of the organisation is give below. Name Post Andrew Penn Chief Executive Officer Alexandra Badenoch Group Executive, Human Resources Stephen Elop Group Executive, Technology, Innovation and Strategy Carmel Mulhern Group General Counsel Brendon Riley Group Executive, Telstra Enterprise Warwick bray Chief Financial Officer Robyn Denholm Chief Operations Officer Will Irving Group Executive Telstra Wholesale Joe Pollard Chief Marketing Officer and Group Executive Media Tony Warren Group Executive, Corporate Affairs Cynthia Whelan Group Executive New Businesses There is a board of directors in the organisation. The members of the board of directors are given below. Name Post John Mullen Chairman of the Board of directors Craig Dunn Director Peter Hearl Director Jane Hemstrich Director Russell Higgins Director Nora Scheinkestel Director Margaret Seale Director Steven Vamos Director Trae Vassallo Director There are different departments and posts under CEO and those are the CFO, COO, Marketing and Media, procurement, Sustainability, Secretyary, Interanal and new businesses, Corporate Affairs, technology, Innovation and strategy, wholesale, consumer and small business, Enterprise and services, HR and the Legal department. All these departments have several sub divisions. Under the CFO there are M A, IR and Treasurer. The customer experience, Business, strategy and operation and the broadcast service are under the responsibility of the COO (Rahman et al. 2015). The Marketing and Media is responsible for the departments like one to one marketing and loyalty, Marketing enablement, products and solutions, consumers and business digital marketing. Device management and operation, operations delivery and performance, mass marketing mobility, product innovation, mobiles, IoT product Engineering and transformation program managing. The CTO, commercial, business techniology services, End-to-en d productivity, cloud strategy and innovation, security analysis, security platform, security analytics and EMEA are under the management of the technology, management and strategy maker. The talent, HR shared services operations, HR, business and customer advocacy, labour strategy and talent management, learning and development, Talent acquisition and the HR and Legal departments are under the responsibility of the HR department. Operational problems due to the present structure Associations as huge as Telstra confront numerous issues as far as administration and authoritative structure: Any sort of issues emerging in the association ought to be examined with concentrate on the main driver of the issue and not the likely indications for the issues emerging in the working environment. It can be simple for the association to concentrate basically on the side effects of the association, which are noticeable in the work environment. On the off chance that distinguishing one underlying driver with different issues then every one of the issues ought to be killed or else the issues may remerge and make an issue once more (Shaul and Tauber 2013). While scanning for the root issues the entire root issues ought to be examined and an arrangement ought to be created to moderate the issues with the association. Each one of the association should know how the association functions. Departmental working ought to be imparted to alternate divisions with the goal that everybody knows the working technique that is occurring around the association. At the point when the change system is occurring in the association, they ought to have the capacity to answer the inquiries being asked to them. Knowing the working method of the association is the key for the representatives. Not including enough individuals in the administration technique can make slacking in the working of the association. To stay aware of the smooth stream of work they ought to include more representatives in the offices. Suitable system acquisition method Framework procurement strategy is imperative for an association to stay aware of the market rivalry. An association can be select from three of the best programming sort, which are accessible: Business programming: programming, which is created to be utilized by any association or individual, is known as business programming. They are for the most part sold in the market at a cost proclaimed by the designers of the product (Larsen, Manning and Pedersen 2013). They are for the most part open source or authorized software's. They incorporate amusements, OS and other programming, which are utilized as a part of everyday life. ERP: ERP or venture asset arranging is a different kind of programming focused to be utilized by centre business working bureau of the association. It encourages the associations to acquire arrange points of interest, producing materials, oversee deals, and receipt orders. Custom programming: Programmings made particularly for the utilization of an association are named as custom software's (Annarelli and Nonino 2016). They are created remembering the determinations of the association who has asked for the product to be produced. This kind of programming's can be a blend of the distinctive sorts of littler programmings in the market. Make this to actualize complex working of various sorts of work into a solitary programming. For the chose association, Telstra the workplace would constrain them to utilize an ERP for the solicitations and coordinations of the distribution centre administration (Sampaio and Bernardino 2016). In any case, the best alternative for the association is to make a custom programming, which will focus on the essential programming's being utilized as a part of the association to be actualized into a solitary one. The product can be made to do a wide range of working of the association, Identification of the control problems in the system and possible frauds in the system Controlling of issues in the working environment ought to be done successfully by the utilization of viable administration arranging (Mahzan and Lymer 2014). Regions of misrepresentation happening are putting in of procurement requests, finance exchange to extortion representative records, organization charge card abuse, and sellers requesting bigger shipment conveyance. The fakes of information robbery from the association can cause security hampering of the workers of the organization. These kinds of cheats can be controlled by the use appropriate safety efforts inside the associations arrange with the goal that no outside gatecrasher can come into the framework and take the information. Isolating the data openness to various progressive areas would give better security of information inside the association. Development and adoption of the accounting software packages Interest for the utilization of cloud based accounting programming was not high in the most recent decade (Barak 2016). As of late after finding out about the advantages of the cloud based, programming's a wide range of associations are endeavouring to receive to the utilization of such software's. Having the capacity of the cloud executed into a product would help the capacity of the data of the cloud. The representatives of the association to use to their advantage can get to the data at that point. The sharing of the data permits the work done on the product to be quick paced. Presentation of Xero, MYOB and Quick Book has brought around transformation in the grounds of accounting software's. The product's permits cloud based accounting advantages and help in turning into the best accessible programming for business administration (Brown 2016). The issue, which was beforehand there was that, the representatives needed to chip away at various programming to finish their work. Presen tly they can take a shot at a solitary coordinated programming, which permits the utilization of cloud based incorporation. The current situation of the hierarchical structure has changed and the organizations have begun receiving the new programming for the advantage of their association (Shaul and Tauber 2013). Computerizing the utilization of the distinctive accounting bundles of the product's assistance them to give the answer to the business effortlessly and quick. The highlights like quick saving money action, savvy reports and simple invoicing of the requests of the association. Accessibility of the utilization of the portable variant of the product likewise causes the representatives to play out their work effortlessly. Leaders in the market and competitive advantage among them There are many competitors in the telecommunication market. There is high rivalry among the telecommunication companies among the world with respect to the service and the plans they provide. Vodaphone, Airtel are one of the biggest organisations who are actually leading the market in the telecommunication (Vlter et al. 2013). As far 31st March, 2017 Telstra had a market share of almost 41.4% in which the post-paid connection is increased by 2% whereas the prepaid connection is decreased by 2% (Telstra.com.au, 2017). As far as the accounting software is concerned there are also many leading organisations in the market of Australia. MYOB and Xero are some of the accounting software which are leading in the market and created a huge response from the organisation for the need of several accounting software. Current challenges and recommendations for users of accounting software Association can have numerous issues, which would require the best utilization of the administration to kill the issues and give answers for the workers of the association. The real issues identified with an association are: Failure to foresee the fate of the association can prompt issues in the association. The administration should enlist an advisor who has the ability to peruse the patterns in the market and investigations the eventual fate of the association in light of the examination of the report (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). This could be useful for the association as they will have the capacity to comprehend the courses in which they would need to change their advertising methodology. Programming's need in the security convention, which is basic to protect the data from the outcast, assaults (Scott and Davis 2015). Utilization of firewall is insufficient for the product needs to stay aware of the expanding digital assaults and dangers. Utilization of old obsolete programming countenances an issue for the representatives (Pettigrew 2014). The old programming is unequipped for doing more up to date counts, which are fundamental for the simple working of the association. The products are not easy to understand in nature and make the representatives utilizing the product need to endeavour to deliver a superior report to be utilized by the association (Morgan et al. 2015). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that Telstra has made some amazing progress to wind up plainly one of the biggest association in Australia. Changing their procurement techniques and their authoritative structure to the advantage of the association will help them to remain over the talk as the biggest association in the Australian business. As they give the biggest work energy to the general population around the globe, they should attempt to concentrate on the issues in the associations and relieve them at the most punctual. There is some security issues which ought to be overcome for keeping up the data identified with the authoritative usefulness. Telstra is one of the cases of the associations which are truly profited by the use of such accounting programming. References Annarelli, A., and Nonino, F. (2016). Strategic and operational management of organizational resilience: Current state of research and future directions. Omega, 62, 1-18. Barak, G. (2016). Alternatives to high-risk securities fraud control: proposing a structural transformation in an age of financial expansionism and unsustainable global capital. Crime, Law and Social Change, 66(2), 131-145. Boulianne, E., 2014. Impact of accounting software utilization on students' knowledge acquisition: An important change in accounting education. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, 10(1), pp.22-48. Brown, T. (2016). Engineering economics and economic design for process engineers. CRC press. Klettner, A., Clarke, T., and Boersma, M. (2014). The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of the responsible business strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), 145-165. Larsen, M. M., Manning, S., and Pedersen, T. (2013). Uncovering the hidden costs of offshoring: The interplay of complexity, organizational design, and experience. Strategic Management Journal, 34(5), 533-552. Mahzan, N., and Lymer, A. (2014). Examining the adoption of computer-assisted audit tools and techniques: Cases of generalized audit software use by internal auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 29(4), 327-349. Morgan, A., Isaac, M., Scrutton, S., Wedgewood, J., Jankowska, P., and Hwang, D. (2015). EP-1572: Using a commercial software package to support treatment planning peer review in small radiotherapy departments. Radiotherapy and Oncology, 115, S860. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014). The politics of organizational decision-making. Routledge. Rahman, M.M., Ahammed, M., Uddin, M., Rouf, M. and Uddin, M.M., 2015. Obstacles and implementation of accounting software system in Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Case of South Asian perspective. Sampaio, D., and Bernardino, J. (2016). Open source accounting software for SMEs. International Journal of Business Information Systems, 23(3), 287-306. Sanders, T., 2016. QuickBooks: The Complete Beginners Guide 2016-Learn How To Efficiently Optimize Your Small Business Accounting Processes!. Scott, W. R., and Davis, G. F. (2015). Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Shaul, L., and Tauber, D. (2013). Critical success factors in enterprise resource planning systems: Review of the last decade. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), 45(4), 55. Svobodova, L. and Cerna, M., 2016. Accounting, Economic and ERP Systems on the Czech Scene. Advanced Science Letters, 22(5-6), pp.1170-1174. Vlter, M., Stahl, T., Bettin, J., Haase, A., and Helsen, S. (2013). Model-driven software development: technology, engineering, management. John Wiley and Sons.

Sun Tzu And Carl Von Clausewitz Essays - Carl Von Clausewitz

Sun Tzu And Carl Von Clausewitz Sun Tzu and Carl von Clausewitz both theorized on the strategies, influences, and effects of war. Sun Tzu sees it with an idealistic outlook, believing that war has requirements and predictable outcomes. Clausewitz, on the other hand, thinks that war is more enigmatic and susceptible to chance and happenstance. Both realize that war is a political action of the state with a political purpose. Clausewitz states that war is an extension of politics by other means. As in politics, the outcome is not always certain; there is a sort of enshrouding fog that always conceals the exact characteristics of a situation. This element of uncertainty is key in Clausewitzs philosophy; he believes strongly that war is in large part determined by chance and possibility, that the individual nature of war makes it inherently unpredictable. Clausewitz feels that war is at its most basic level, an individual activity. The commander is obviously the lead individual in an army, and it is often a question of his moral, physical, and psychological capacities as to whether an army can be victorious. These qualities must also trickle down through the ranks to the corpsman, for they are the ones who fight. These military virtues of an army are all-important, whether a nation wins or loses if often determined by the spirit of the army. If morale is low, a force cannot win. A defeat causes a loss of self-confidence, and this in turn leads to fear, a horribly destructive element for an army to have. Thus it is the morale of the troops that greatly affects their performance. The commanders skill is also of paramount significance. A general cannot be weak, he must be strong for to lead the troops into battle; he must present an air of confidence that inspires the army. The general, as well as the troops, must be experienced. The commander must be intelligent and knowledgeable of the terrain, weather, the enemy, every aspect of the engagement. A commanders most dangerous weakness is cowardice, for this gives way to rashness, foolishness, and vanity. Thus Clausewtitz believes that war is greatly dependent on the individual. While Clausewitz stresses the individual, the most important element of war is chance. There are always uncertainties in war which cannot be accounted for and must be handled. If a commander or army lacks some of the military virtues, it must make up for them in other ways: simplicity or size. When an army cannot fulfill all of these virtues, it must rely somewhat on chance to swing in its favor. Clausewitz says that there is a fog in war which covers the predictable situation and conceals some influencing elements. If a commander is to win a war, this fog must lift, so that he can view the situation with perfect clarity, or he must be able to adapt to an unexpected situation that may arise. The interaction between all of the individuals in a force is a breeding ground for chance. Disease may suddenly spread throughout the army, or a fight may break out between two people or two factions within the army. Or something may occur which serves to lifts the troops spirits and helps them win an important battle, thereby turning the war. Chance is also revealed in the structure of alliances. As Clausewitz believes that war is a means to a political end, he knows that an alliance is really an agreement between nations for the protection of self-interests. A country will pledge no more than the bare minimum of troops or supplies when its own interests are not at stake. Only when two nations share a common interest, will an alliance succeed to its fullest potential. Chance is an extremely important element of war. Clausewitz believes that not all events can be anticipated and that there is a general disorder in war which must be expected. When the fighting becomes most severe, communication lines will be severed, between an army and a nation, or between a general and his troops. In such situations, only the intellect and experience of the individual will aid victory. Clausewitz states that there are certain elements that a commander must understand if